Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Wellbeing and Social Care Essay We recognize with genuine thanks the numerous individuals who gave liberally of their opportunity to assist us with this work. We especially value the mastery and counsel o? ered by Arnon Bentovim, Richard Velleman, Lorna Templeton, Carolyn Davies and Sheena Prentice. The work has been subsidized by the Department for Education and we thank sta? in the division, especially Jenny Gray who upheld us all through the work with her advantage and significant remarks. The work was helped by a warning gathering whose enrollment was: Isabella Craig and Jenny Gray (Department for Education); Christine Humphrey (Department of Health) and Sian Rees (NICE); Arnon Bentovim (expert youngster and youthful therapist at the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and the Tavistock Clinic); Marian Brandon (peruser in social work, University of East Anglia); Carolyn Daviesâ (research guide, Institute of Education, University of London); Jo Fox (social work advisor, Child-Centered Practice); David Jones (specialist kid and family therapist, Department of Psychiatry; University of Oxford); Sue McGaw (expert in learning inabilities, Cornwall Partnership Trust); Sheena Prentice (master birthing assistant in substance abuse, Nottingham City PCT); Wendy Rose (The Open University); Lorna Templeton (supervisor of the Alcohol, Drugs and the Family Research Program, University of Bath); and Richard Velleman (University of Bath and chief of advancement and exploration, Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust). Presentation This second version of Children’s Needs †Parenting Capacity gives a report on the effect of parental issues, for example, substance abuse, abusive behavior at home, learning incapacity and psychological instability, on children’s government assistance. Exploration, and specifically the biennial outline reports of genuine case audits (Brandon et al 2008; 2009; 2010), have kept on accentuating the significance of understanding and following up on worries about children’s security and government assistance when living in family units where these kinds of parental issues are available. Very nearly 75% of the kids in both this and the 2003-05 investigation had been living with past or current aggressive behavior at home or potentially parental mental sick wellbeing or potentially substance abuse †frequently in mix. (Brandon et al 2010, p. 112) These worries were fundamentally the same as those that provoked the ? rst release of this book, which was authorized after the rise of these subjects from the Department of Health’s program of kid security research considers (Department of Health 1995a). These investigations had shown that an elevated level of parental psychological maladjustment, issue liquor and medication misuse and aggressive behavior at home were available in groups of youngsters who become engaged with the kid security framework. Examination setting The 2010 Government measurements for England exhibit that, as during the 1990s, just a little extent of youngsters alluded to children’s social consideration become the subject of a kid insurance plan (Department for Education 2010b). In any case, the sorts of parental issues illustrated above are not con? ned to families where a kid is the subject of a kid insurance plan (Brandon et al. 2008, 2009, 2010; Rose and Barnes 2008). In numerous families children’s wellbeing and improvement are being a? ected by the di? culties their folks are encountering. The ? ndings from research, be that as it may, propose that administrations are not continually pending. For all intents and purposes a fourth of referrals to children’s social consideration brought about no move being made (Cleaver and Walker with Meadows 2004). Ruler Laming’s progress report (2009) likewise communicated worries that referrals to children’s administrations from different experts didn't generally prompt an underlying evaluation and that ‘much all the more should be done to guarantee that the administrations are as e? ective as conceivable at cooperating to accomplish positive results for children’ (Lord Laming 2009, p. 9, passage 1. 1). Practitioners’ dread of neglecting to recognize a kid needing insurance is additionally a factor driving up the quantities of referrals to children’s social consideration administrations which bring about no arrangement of help. ‘This is making a slanted framework that is giving such a great amount of consideration to distinguishing instances of misuse 2 Children’s Needs †Parenting Capacity and disregard that it is emptying time and asset away out of families’ (Munro 2010, p. 6). Munro’s Interim Report (2011) attracts consideration by and by to the profoundly horrible experience for youngsters and families who are brought into the Child Protection framework where abuse isn't discovered, which leaves them with a dread of requesting help later on. A ? nding which was identi? ed by prior examination on kid assurance (Cleaver and Freeman 1995). Proof from the 1995 kid assurance research (Department of Health 1995a) demonstrated that when guardians have issues of their own, these may antagonistically a? ect their ability to react to the necessities of their youngsters. For instance, Cleaver and Freeman (1995) found in their investigation of suspected youngster misuse that in the greater part of the cases, families were encountering various issues including dysfunctional behavior or learning inability, issue drinking and medication use, or aggressive behavior at home. A comparative picture of the di? culties confronting families who have been alluded to children’s social consideration administrations rises up out of later exploration (Cleaver and Walker with Meadows 2004). It is evaluated that there are 120,000 families encountering numerous issues, including poor emotional wellness, liquor and medication abuse, and aggressive behavior at home. ‘Over 33% of these families have kids subject to youngster assurance procedures’ (Munro 2011, p. 30, passage 2. 30). Children’s administrations have the errand of distinguishing youngsters who may require extra administrations so as to improve their prosperity as identifying with their: (a) physical and psychological well-being and enthusiastic prosperity; (b) assurance from mischief and disregard; (c) instruction, preparing and entertainment; (d) the commitment made by them to society; and (e) social and monetary prosperity. (Segment 10(2) of the Children Act 2004) The Common Assessment Framework (Children’s Workforce Development Council 2010) and the Assessment Framework (Department of Health et al. 2000) empower forefront experts working with youngsters to increase a comprehensive picture of the child’s world and distinguish all the more effectively the di? culties kids and families might be encountering. Despite the fact that exploration recommends that social specialists (Cleaver et al. 2007) and wellbeing experts are prepared to perceive and react to signs that a kid is being, or is probably going to be, manhandled or dismissed, there is less proof comparable to educators and the police (Daniel et al. 2009). The identi? cation of children’s needs may have improved, yet seeing how parental psychological sickness, learning incapacities, substance abuse and aggressive behavior at home a? ect kids families despite everything requires more consideration. For instance, a little inside and out investigation discovered not exactly half (46%) of the administrators in children’s social consideration, wellbeing and the police evaluated as ‘good’ their comprehension of the effect on offspring of parental substance abuse, despite the fact that this rose to 61% corresponding to the effect of aggressive behavior at home (Cleaver et al. 2007). The requirement for all the more preparing on surveying the probability of damage to offspring of parental medication and liquor abuse.

Impact of FDI on Host Country

Effect of FDI on Host Country Unique This task basically inspects the negative impacts that FDI stances to the host economy. The effect of FDI on the host economy can be comprehended with the assistance of The Standard Theory of International Trade and The Theory of Industrial Organization. FDI has both positive and negative effects on the host-nation. FDI adversy affects the host countrys economy, condition, household firms, world of politics, work market and exchange balance. Through this undertaking, it is inferred that the administration arrangements ought to be with the end goal that they misuse the advantages of FDI totally so as to overrule its downsides. Presentation There is an expanding affirmation to perceive the powers of financial globalization which initially requires taking a gander at Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by worldwide partnerships (MNCs): that is, the point at which a firm situated in one nation finds or gets creation offices in different nations. (Blonigen, 2006). Over the previous decade Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has developed recognizably as a significant type of worldwide capital exchange. Somewhere in the range of 1980 and 1990, world progressions of FDI-characterized as cross-fringe uses to obtain or extend corporate control of profitable resources have roughly grown multiple times (Froot, 1993). â€Å"FDI has ended up being a significant type of net global acquiring for Japan and the United States, the universes biggest worldwide loan specialist and borrower respectively† (Froot, 1993, pp. 1). The most reflective impact of FDI has been found in creating nations, wherein yearly Foreign Direct Investment streams have expanded from a normal of under $10 billion during the 1970s to a yearly normal of $208 billion out of 1999 (Source: UNCTAD). A huge part of worldwide FDI is driven by mergers and acquisitions and internationalization of creation in a scope of businesses (Graham and Spaulding, 2005). Notwithstanding the recognizable significance of FDI and MNCs on the planet economy, look into on the elements that choose FDI designs and the effect of MNCs on parent and host nations is in its beginning times. The most noteworthy general inquiries are: what components figure out where FDI happens, and what effects do those MNC tasks have on the parent and host economies? This report fundamentally investigations the negative effect of FDIs on have economies. FORIEGN DIRECT INVESTMENT â€Å"Foreign Direct Investment mirrors the target of getting an enduring enthusiasm by an occupant element in one economy (â€Å"direct investor†) in an element inhabitant in an economy other than that of the financial specialist (â€Å"direct venture enterprise†)† (OECD). At the end of the day, it is an immediate speculation made by a partnership in a business adventure in another nation. What isolates FDI from portfolio speculation is the command over the venture (Gillies, 2005). If there should arise an occurrence of FDI in any event 10 percent of the democratic rights must be held by the outside contributing organization (Daniels et al., 2004). The distinction among FDI and different endeavors in remote nations is essentially that the new pursuit works totally outside the economy of the companys home nation. The fundamental sparks behind FDI are asset procurement, deals extension and hazard minimisation. Other than this administrations may likewise urge FDIs because of different political thought processes (Daniels et al., 2004). Kinds OF FDI Outside Direct Investment can be characterized into three general classifications based on bearing, target or thought processes. Based on heading FDI can be characterized into Inward or Outward FDI. At the point when outside capital is put resources into neighborhood assets, it is alluded to as Inward FDI, then again when ventures are made by nearby firms in remote assets it is alluded to as Outward FDI. Outward FDI is otherwise called â€Å"direct venture abroad† and is constantly upheld by government support if there should be an occurrence of any dangers. Based on track FDI can be characterized into Greenfield Investments, mergers and procurement, even and vertical FDI. Greenfield Investment alludes to coordinate interest in new fields or the improvement of existing conveniences. This prompts making of creation limit, business openings, move of innovation and ability just as connecting of the host economy to the worldwide commercial center. Mergers and securing are a significant sort of FDI whereby there is an exchange of existing assets from nearby organizations to outside organizations. Cross outskirt mergers happen when the administration of assets and business tasks is migrated from a neighborhood organization to an outside organization, with the nearby association turning into a partner to the remote association. Acquisitions happen when the remote organization assumes control over a residential organization, and builds up itself as the new proprietor of the local organization. Flat FDI alludes to a venture made by an outside organization in a similar industry in which it works in its nation of origin. Vertical FDI can be grouped further into in reverse and forward vertical FDI. In reverse Vertical FDI happens when a local firm is given contribution by a remote firm so as to help its creation procedure while Forward Vertical FDI happens when the yield of a household firm is sold by an industry abroad it is known as forward vertical FDI. Finally based on intentions, FDI can be arranged into four kinds. The principal type is of FDI happens when the different components of creation may not be accessible in the nation of origin of the firm or be increasingly effective in the host nation, in this manner urging firms to make speculations. This is known as Resource looking for FDI. The second sort of FDI which can be utilized as a cautious technique is Market-chasing FDI. These speculations are made either to keep up existing markets or to infiltrate into new markets. The third sort is Efficiency Seeking FDI, where the organizations plan to build their competency by abusing the benefits of economies of scale and furthermore regular possession. The organizations consequently attempt to accomplish the goal of benefit boost. the last kind is Strategy - resource looking for FDI, which is a typical strategy utilized by firms to prevent their rivals from securing assets. In this manner these are the different sorts of FDI. Effect OF FDI ON HOST ECONOMY There are two methodologies in monetary hypothesis which add to contemplating the impacts of Foreign Direct Investment on have nations. One is the standard hypothesis of universal exchange by Macdougall (1960). This hypothesis is a â€Å"partial balance similar static methodology proposed to analyze how negligible augmentations in speculation from abroad are distributed† (Blomstrom, 1997, p.1). The fundamental supposition of this model is that there is an expansion in the minor profitability of work and an abatement in the peripheral efficiency of capital. The other hypothesis was proposed by Hymmer (1960) and is known as the hypothesis of mechanical association. The principle question of the hypothesis is the reason firms make interests in different nations so as to make the comparable products they fabricate at home. The response to this inquiry has been properly contrived by Kindleberger, 1969, p.13), who says, â€Å"for direct venture to flourish there must be some defect in business sectors for merchandise or factors, including among the last innovation, or some obstruction in rivalry by government or by firms, which isolates markets†. In this manner firms of home nations must have some advantage which will be worthwhile for its partner in the nation of origin (Blomstrom, 1997). Remote Direct Investment has both positive and negative impacts on the host economy. Beneficial outcomes OF FDI ON HOST ECONOMY FDIs have various positive effects on the host nation. It supports financial advancement by expanding the efficiency and fares of the host nations. There are four directs which help in expanding the profitability of host nation, in particular impersonation, aptitude obtaining, rivalry and fares (Gorg Greenaway, 2004). The nearby firms in the host nations advantage by the circuitous innovation move that happens between the MNC and the local organizations. Neighborhood firms can contend all the more effectively in the fare showcases by duplicating the prevalent innovation or the board strategies utilized by the multinationals (Blomstrom, 1991). Local firms become progressively presented to the outside business sectors and in this way their insight into the global markets increments. The Managers and other qualified workers of the household firms get the unrivaled administrative and specialized aptitudes, which builds their productivity. Multinationals increment the current market rivalry, affecting the neighborhood firms to turn out to be increasingly productive by putting resources into physical or human capital. They help to increment mechanical proficiency and improve asset designation in have nations by entering markets which had numerous passage boundaries. In this manner by entering these monopolistic markets they increment rivalry and power the nearby firms to turn out to be increasingly capable. This is the way, local firms are incited by multinationals and different abroad firms to improve their presentation and profitability. Multinationals additionally impact the neighborhood providers of middle items to turn out to be increasingly effective with conveyance speed, quality and dependability of the items in order to fulfill the high guidelines of the abroad organization. It is seen that FDI positively affects work showcase. In the event that the profitability of local firms increments by duplicating the multinationals creation style which depends on expanded work efficiency, at that point the local firms won't stop for a second from paying higher wages to the work (Lipsey Sjoholm, 2010). Multinationals likewise increment the standard of the host countrys work showcase by furnishing the workers with preparing and making them sufficiently qualified to deal with entangled hardware and expanding their profitability. Finally FDI influences the economy of the host nation emphatically by expanding their

Slow and Steady On Building a Relaxing Reading List

Slow and Steady On Building a Relaxing Reading List I would like to think I am not the only one who convinces herself that summers are endless, thus making those months the perfect time to conquer her TBR pile. And look, I may not be an athlete, but reading I can do for sport, and the start of every summer I tell myself it will be the summer! The one where I plant a giant flag that says “R.I.P. TBR PILE!” on my Everest. Of course, what actually happens every summer is that I set myself an impossible reading goal, fall promptly behind schedule, and proceed to hate myself the moment the leaves turn orange. So, this year, I decided to construct a reading list around making myself feel better. Whatever else I manage to squeeze in, I am hoping to read five books for the following five reasons: 1. I tend to tear through books a lot. It’s not because I’m racing to meet an essay deadline, or even because the plot is just that fast-paced. Mostly, I am compensating for the moments my eyes keep travelling over the same line repeatedly. I don’t know if there is an argument to be made for reading the book slowerâ€"I feel like I do savour books, whatever my reading speedâ€"but honestly, for once, I’d like to experience reading a book without being angry at myself for my inability to concentrate. If I read faster, I’d like it to be because of the book and not because, “UGH STUPID BRAIN I MUST PUNISH YOU NOW!” Reading options for this exercise include Sorcerer to the Crown by Zen Cho and The  The Palace of Illusions by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruniâ€"books that are sure to enchant, no matter how many times I go over the same line. #gallery-5 { margin: auto; } #gallery-5 .gallery-item { float: left; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; width: 50%; } #gallery-5 img { border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; } #gallery-5 .gallery-caption { margin-left: 0; } /* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */ 2. Sort of related to my previous point, I’d like to re-read one series that I raced through, this time paying attention to the way the story unfolds. Re-reading is a great way, I think, of getting better at your own writing. To that end, I think I may choose Maureen Johnson’s Shades of London  series.  Plus, it will be a nice refresher for when the last book comes out. #gallery-6 { margin: auto; } #gallery-6 .gallery-item { float: left; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; width: 33%; } #gallery-6 img { border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; } #gallery-6 .gallery-caption { margin-left: 0; } /* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */ 3. Sometimes, I need to remind myself that I’m reading these books, not because I have to, but for the same reason I bought them in the first placeâ€"because I want to. Often, I forget this while reading something long. I just want the book to end, so I can move on to the next book on my pile, the one that’s staring at me, glaring at me, pawing at me with its creepy paper hands. (No, really, that’s what it feels like when I look over at my TBR pile.) This one is also a matter of slowing down, but it is more about focussing on the book in my hand, rather than the two on the shelf. Pretty sure I will have to pick an audiobook to ensure that I take my time. Perhaps now is a good time to say a long farewell to the world Laini Taylor created in her Daughter of Smoke and Bone series. 4. While writing my previous point, I realized just how many series I am following. It seems that even though I race through books, I do not really want to say goodbye to those fictional worlds. I suppose, there’s no harm then, in adding one more series to my list. Hello, Shira Glassman’s Mangoverse novels. Pleased to meet yâ€"aha! You are now in my evil reader clutches! #gallery-7 { margin: auto; } #gallery-7 .gallery-item { float: left; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; width: 33%; } #gallery-7 img { border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; } #gallery-7 .gallery-caption { margin-left: 0; } /* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */ 5. Then again, perhaps the true test of my “Slow and Steady” plan is to pick up a stand-alone that I know will be a wrench to finish, and instead, take my time with it. Perhaps, Roshani Chokshi’s The Star-Touched Queen or maybe, Mariko Tamaki’s Saving Montgomery Sole. #gallery-8 { margin: auto; } #gallery-8 .gallery-item { float: left; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; width: 50%; } #gallery-8 img { border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; } #gallery-8 .gallery-caption { margin-left: 0; } /* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */ So, what are your strategies for relaxed reading? How do you try and slow down? Or do strategies stress you out even further? I worry this may be the case for me, when I do start reading these picks of mine … Also In This Story Stream View all Mangoverse posts-->

Against School Dress Codes and Uniforms Essay - 2272 Words

The Debate Between School Dress Codes and Uniforms The debate over school uniforms and dress codes has been going on for years and is still widely debated and talked about in the education system. Each side of the argument has many supporters. There are many pros and cons to each side so it is hard to really know what the right choice is. In Three Cups of Tea written by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin education is the main focus of the book. Although most of the book takes place half way across the world many topics are relevant to the school systems today in America. In the book the girls received, â€Å"crisp new school uniforms neatly folded inside its cellophane wrapper† and they are completely overjoyed to hold their first†¦show more content†¦With the gang activity growing throughout the 80’s school officials realized that implementing uniforms or strict dress codes may help combat the problem with gang apparel in schools. Previously dress codes have been seen in the form of uniforms or stric t rules in parochial, private and public school systems across the country. In private schools, uniforms were first implemented to mark a student’s social status (Motsinger par 8). Many people, according to Alfie Kohn, author of What to Look for in a Classroom†¦and Other Essays most people associate uniforms with, â€Å"the good ole days [when uniforms] symbolized [. . .] obedience.† Uniforms were a sign of respect, children respected their elders and presented themselves well while wearing them. As stated by Anderson in â€Å"School Dress Codes and Uniform Policies,† â€Å"[t]he first public school known to have adopted uniforms was Cherry Hill Elementary in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1987. In 1994, Long Beach (CA) Unified School District (LBUSD) was the first school district to adopt a districtwide uniform dress code policy† (par 11). During the Clinton administration the talk of school dress codes and uniforms in public schools first surfaced af ter his State of the Union Address in 1996. Since Clinton’s speech, schools all around the country have revised and implemented new dress code policies. The choice whether to amend current policies or make new ones is still usuall,y in most states, up to theShow MoreRelatedArgument Against School Uniforms Should Not Be Banned1556 Words   |  7 PagesArgument Against School Uniforms My disagreement against school dress code is that public schools should not make the student go to school uniforms. Students should be able to wear any appropriate clothing they want to wear. School uniforms are not the way to be unsuccessful in education. School uniforms are a waste of time to have in a public school system. Teachers should make the students go home and change into school appropriate clothes. Public schools should give students a chance on what theyRead MoreDress Codes And School Uniforms1248 Words   |  5 Pagesembarrassing than being dress coded at school? Enforcing a dress code among children is unfair because it not only discriminates against people but it destroys someone’s whole day. Dress codes and school uniforms are meant to increase student achievement and make everyone equal but instead it only hurts people. Most school dress codes are unnecessary and are sexist. Enforcing dress codes is suppose to boost student achievement but instead is racist, sexist and unnecessary. Schools should take into considerationRead MoreWhy we need dress codes, argumentative essay MLA.1452 Words   |  6 PagesSchools Need Dress Codes Dress codes in public schooling have recently been a controversial issue nation-wide. Mandatory uniform policys measures and emphasize the benefits of students on specific behavioral and academic outcomes. The arguments for the issue are just as strong as those against the issue. There are two main points surrounding school uniforms: performance and school and reduction of violence due to uniformity. Uniforms are argued to positively affect student safety by: loweringRead MoreThe Importance Of School Dress Codes1132 Words   |  5 Pages Every school has a dress code in their extensive school handbook. There are mountains upon mountains of dress code lists that go on and on forever, and many people are wondering why. Many schools believe that school dress codes help the environment of the school. That is why there are so many more dress codes pertaining to girls than to boys, just what OCR thinks as well by stating a dress code, â€Å"Shorts too short. Shoulder straps on her top too thin. Skirt exposing too much skin above her kneesRead MoreSchool Uniforms And Schools Uniforms1211 Words   |  5 PagesSchool uniforms began their revolution in private schools; they represented a unique appearance, and provided a safe environment for the students attending. Private and Catholic schools were clever enough for implementing school uniforms, because without their influence public sc hools would have not adapted on creating a dress code for students. By introducing school uniforms in school policies they have managed to impact students learning environment in reducing stress, changing students’ behaviorRead MoreEssay on School Dress Codes and Uniforms Are Beneficial695 Words   |  3 PagesSchool Dress Codes and Uniforms Are Beneficial Do schools really need a dress code? Just ask parents of kids who have to wear them and they will probably say yes. With the dress code policy parents would be able o save money on clothes for their children(Dress 1). This would be a big help for children with poor families who cant afford the proper clothes for them to wear. In addition, with uniforms these kids wont are looked at any different than everyone else because they will have the sameRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms979 Words   |  4 PagesThe age old argument of whether or not uniforms and dress codes should be enforced in schools seems to never conclude. The issue of appropriate clothing in schools is controversial and provoking. Many argue that abolishing a student’s choice in their attire violates their freedom of expression. Students use what they wear to express themselves; their clothing gives them a sense of a unique style and identity. Others argue that permitting students to wear whatever clothing they like can create unnecessaryRead MoreDress Codes In the School System Essays1399 Words   |  6 PagesDress codes have long been the subject of debate in our educational institutions for many years. Administrators have struggled to find effective ways to deal with discipline problems. The introduction of dress codes has been a common intervention in our educational system to help decrease the number of disciplinary issues that are dealt with on a daily basis. Topics such as gang activity, bullying, increasing violence and Freedom of Expression have been thrown into the discussion, causing controversyRead MoreArguments Against School Uniforms998 Words   |  4 PagesSchool uniforms and dress codes are becoming a popular trend among schools. Most Students and some parents don’t agree with the enforcement with school uniforms, saying that uniforms are taking away self-expression in schools. But, school uniforms are not a negative thing to have. Yes, uniforms and s ome very strict dress codes limit what the students have to choose to wear to school every day, but it doesn’t limit them from learning which is the main reason they are in school. Some students treatRead MoreAlexandra White. March 20, 2017. Mr.Allen. F Period. Dress1279 Words   |  6 PagesAlexandra White March 20, 2017 Mr.Allen F Period Dress for success? Or dress for Controversy? Is it better to have students expressing themselves through clothing, or instituting a dress code, hoping they will focus on studies? Many studies have had evidence for both ideas. School dress codes have been controversial ever since teenagers have been interested in fashion. Some people agree with the strict dress codes, and others disagree. School dress codes date all the way back to the 1920’s. According

What Are The Four Primary Types Of Human Adaptation

Chapter 1. 4. What are the four primary types of human adaptation? Why has their interrelationship been particularly important for the human species? Anthropology recognizes four primary types of human adaptation: genetic change, developmental adjustment, acclimatization and cultural adaptation. Individuals may develop a successful adaptation with the help of biological evolution. i.e. genetic change, that is caused by the constant environmental stress, experienced by many generations. It is a well-known fact that those who can respond to certain stresses have better chances to survive longer and pass on their dominant genes to the future generations. Such evolution is also known as the natural selection. For example, if some individuals live in malaria-endemic areas for many years, their descendants will probably inherit the immunity to such horrible disease. The second type of adaptation, developmental adjustment, is the physiological change that occurs in the early childhood and is irreversible when a person reaches the adulthood. As a matter of fact, the developmental adjustment may be caused both by specific cultural practice s and natural environmental issues. An example of the cultural practices is the Chinese custom, currently illegal, according to which it was necessary to tightly wrap the feet of young females in order to block the normal growth (O’Neil n.d.). Acclimatization, the third type of adaptation, unlike the previous type, is reversible. Such adaptation mayShow MoreRelatedOriginal Writing : Sister Callista Roy1315 Words   |  6 Pagesshe accepted. Roy had noticed, throughout her nursing, that children were able to adapt to key psychological and physical changes. Roy decided to use adaptation as the basis for a nursing conceptual model. 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Also, what is the difference betweenRead MoreComparison Of Calista Roy s And Betty Neuman980 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout nursing, there are many theories that nurses may come across and use. Calista Roy’s and Betty Neuman are two theorists that use two different types of models to encompasses the health, person, and the environment. Callista Roy uses a theory that promotes adaptation to the stimuli a person may encounter. Betty Neuman uses a theory that promotes equilibrium in a time where a person will encounter stress. These theories allow the nurse to bring a knowledge to learn more about the personRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Psychology956 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered himself a genetic epistemologist. He was mainly interested in the biological influences on how we come to know. He believed that what distinguishes human beings from o ther animals is our ability to do abstract symbolic reasoning. Piaget s views are often compared with those of Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), who looked more to social interaction as the primary source of cognition and behavior. This is somewhat similar to the distinctions made between Freud and Erikson in terms of the developmentRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesWhen talking about human development, we are referring to the growth of humans in all aspects throughout their life. In this essay, I will be discussing two types of human development. Cognitive development, which is to do with the ability to think, remember and reason, and Social development, which involves relationships and interactions in the world around the individual. I will focus on how they relate to two significant experiences in my life and how these experiences were critical to my developmentRead MorePiaget s Three Stage Of Moral Development1274 Words   |  6 Pagesrew ards. Children know that rewards are given when they act in a positive way so they act to avoid punishment. The second stage is the Morality of Constraint. This occurs between the ages of six to ten and it’s illustrated when the child believes that what determines whether an action is good or bad is the consequence of the action and not the motive behind it. They believe that rules are made by people that have authority and that following the rules means being right. Children in this age group alsoRead MoreThe Everglades: A Food Web Diagram Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesbodies.   Human actions have been altering the Everglades landscape through water diversions and flood control projects, and agricultural and urban development. How this affects the evolution of its wild life habitats and their survival techniques through adaptation and natural selection will be important. Food Chain Consumers The Everglades is an ecosystem abundant with consumers: organisms that acquire nourishment via the consumption of other living organisms (Abeton,  n.d.). Primary consumersRead MoreHow Does Culture Impact on the Planning and Carrying out of International Strategy and Negotiations1733 Words   |  7 Pagesto see how culture impact on plan and implementation of international strategy and negotiations in business world. The essay consist of concept of culture in broad sense. Then the paper present a short overview of Hofstede’s culture framework. The type of culture is broadly classified and majorly distributed into two section namely corporate and national. International strategy is defined in brief and mode of different strategy is also touched, then the paper take a brief presentation of culturalRead MoreValue Chain Analysis : A Competitive Strength Of The Organization1527 Words   |  7 Pagesdistinguishes between primary activities and support activities (Tallon, 2011). Primary activities are directly concerned with the creation or delivery of a product or service (Mullins Syam, 2014). CCCC can be grouped into five main areas: inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service. Each of these primary activities is linked to support activities which help to improve the effectiveness or efficiency for CCCC products and services. CCCC has four main areas ofRead MoreHow Cooking Made Us Humans By Richard Wrangham1433 Words   |  6 Pagesexecuted in most human individuals’ everyday lifestyle, but has also increased their fitness in the course of time. In Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Humans by Richard Wrangham, Wrangham similar idea convinces me. Wrangham declares that it was fire and cooking that led to new crucial physical traits developed in humans. Whether fire was created as a coincidence or presented to humans’ previous common ancestors by nature, cooking is one of the factors that has attrib uted to humans’ internal and external

Triple Bottom Line Approach Free Essays

Green companies save money and help the planet with a triple bottom line approach Conventional wisdom says that organizations must choose between economic prosperity or environmental protection. Many business, however, are discovering that this is an outdated myth and there is no need to choose between one or the other. Energy efficiency projects that reduce utility costs, recycling initiatives that minimize waste disposal fees, and elimination of wasteful practices that consume auteur resources are all win-win scenarios that save money and reduce the impact on the planet at the same time. We will write a custom essay sample on Triple Bottom Line Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now When these initiatives are carried out in a fair and just manner towards employees or contractors, then a win-win-win scenario is achieved. This approach of increasing profitability and improving the environment, while serving the community well through fair employment practices, is known as the â€Å"triple bottom line† and is the core component for sustainability programs, sometimes referred to as corporate social responsibility (CARS). The benefits of a triple bottom line approach to business are numerous. Many companies find that looking at their operations â€Å"through a sustainability lens† helps them identify opportunities that they were previously unaware of. Cost savings opportunities are identified that help drive waste out of organizations, reducing their environmental Impact. The benefits go beyond the obvious financial and environmental gains, however. Sustainability programs give companies an opportunity to distinguish themselves from their competitors. Studies show that employees want to work for socially responsible companies, so an effective sustainability program will aid In the recruiting of new hires. Proactively reducing harmful environmental practices can also potentially reduce liability and can keep organizations one step ahead of future regulatory changes that may restrict, or even outright ban, practices that are currently allowed. Future columns will provide many real-world examples of triple bottom line Initiatives that any company can Implement. How to cite Triple Bottom Line Approach, Papers

Factors that Influence the Price of Oil Essay Sample free essay sample

Dubbed as the â€Å"Black Gold† by many economic experts and bookmans worldwide. oil ( more officially referred as Crude Oil or Petroleum ) . has been one of the most of import natural resources in the International Community upon its entryway in the 21stcentury. Indeed. from its first commercial development in the mid-19Thursdaycentury hitherto. oil served as both the drive force and the bargaining tool ( i. e. sticks and carrots ) for every emerging economic system in the universe. In the ultimate sense. at present. oil is critical for every country’s economic growing and economic sustainability. Several wars. peculiarly World War II. have been fought for both the ownership and the entree for oil. Truly. its importance is realized by every Heads of State/Government. As such. it wouldn’t be much of a surprise that within every Government’s national involvements and national dockets come a echt concern for both the entree and the security of that entree to oil ( in other words. the security of imports for non-producing states ) . States that produce oil – or are believed to possess oil ( unconfirmed and/or estimated militias ) – have banded together to organize an International Organization that would function as an superintendent for the ordinance of oil monetary values in the World Market. That International Organization is known as the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) . Much like the International Monetary Fund – of which. ensures the stableness of currencies and exchange rates in the World Market – the OPEC. on the other manus. ensures the stableness of oil monetary values in international oil markets with a position of extinguishing harmful and unneeded fluctuations. One of the ways the organisation does this is by enforcing quotas to member states with respects to their oil production per twenty-four hours. As a consequence. the supply of oil neer exceeds the planetary demand for it ; forestalling a lowering of oil monetary values per barrel. In the late-1990’s. Oil Prices were at a low point of about $ 11 per barrel. However. several unexpected events – the September 11 onslaughts. the War in Iraq. etc – have resulted into terrible oil monetary value Hikes in merely less than five old ages. From $ 11 per barrel. oil monetary values skyrocketed to $ 40 and $ 50 per barrel in 2004. Less than three old ages subsequently. oil monetary values continuously experienced farther rushs – with monetary values making every bit high as $ 90 per barrel. In November of 2007. the universe watched closely as oil monetary values reached a record high of $ 98 per barrel ; with states keeping their breath as the monetary values easy and closely climbed to a $ 100. Fortunately. after making a close $ 98. 62. oil monetary values started to fall easy. Several Institutions and Agencies. nevertheless. are non optimistic with future oil monetary values. Most contend that with the go oning pandemonium in the Middle East coupled by the rapid growings of China and India. oil monetary values will doubtless mount to a $ 100 – or even acquire past it. Throughout the old ages. it has been observed that whenever something happens to the planetary oil market. the universe reacts and responds either shockingly or drastically. Indeed. Oil is imperative for every country’s growing and development. As such. it would be apprehensible that whenever the monetary values of oil in the oil market displacement. the universe watches closely. Just how does the monetary value of oil alterations? How is it influenced or. to some extent. controlled? Some sceptics believe that the additions in oil monetary values are really the consequence of deliberate controls from oil bring forthing states. Though rather controversial. there is. as a affair of fact. some truth from the statement. Oil. as some historical events have suggested. can be used as a bargaining tool or a arm against non-producing states. For case. see the Arab-Israeli Conflict of the 1960’s-70’s. Obviously. much of the states in the Arab universe are oil bring forthing states themselves. As such. they have the capableness of really â€Å"controlling† the monetary value of oil by keep backing or cutting the production of oil ; therefore. restricting supply whilst demand additions. As a consequence. oil monetary values skyrockets. Still. this may non be wholly the instance since if oil is intended to be used as a arm. an oil trade stoppage against the supposed enemy should do instead than cutting down on production in order to increase monetary valu es ( as was seen in the 1973 oil trade stoppage against the United States and Europe during the Arab-Israeli Conflict ) . Traveling off from contentions. there are several other factors that either indirectly or straight act upon the monetary values of oil. For one thing. there is the US dollar. In recent times. oil gross revenues have been denominated in US Dollars. As such. alterations in the value of the dollar against other currencies affect OPEC’s determinations on how to bring forth oil and what their quotas should be. For illustration. if the US dollar falls against the Filipino Peso. opportunities are the grosss of OPEC-member provinces that export oil to the Philippines will be much smaller ; hence. ensuing to a pick of either increasing the production of oil or increasing oil monetary values so as to suit their shortages. In 2007 entirely. the US dollar fell somewhat against most currencies in Asia ; particularly in South East Asia. Clearly. this is one factor that led OPEC to increase its oil monetary values ( instead than increase production ) . Still. other factors that led to the addition in oil monetary values is the immense demand coming from developing states – most particularly from Asia. India and China. as mentioned before. are one of the chief subscribers to the demand for oil in Asia. Currently. both countries’ economies’ are turning at an about astronomical rate of 9. 5 % to 10. 5 % severally. As such. it would be rather obvious that a quickly turning economic system would necessitate immense sums of oil for both energy and fuel demands ; plus. both states hold the place for first and 2nd largest populations in the universe. This fact merely perpetuates the inevitable demand for oil more. With all the factors attesting as a premier influence in both the addition and lessening of oil monetary values. likely one of the most of import factors ( and likely the newest to state the least ) of all is the outgrowth of planetary terrorist act. Indeed. since the happening of the events of September 11. planetary terrorist act has been perceived as a planetary menace to both the national security and national involvements of every state in the International Community. Both the usage of force and even the mere menace of the usage of force can be used by terrorists to technically affect or act upon the monetary values of oil in the planetary market. For case. terrorists may endanger an oil bring forthing state to cut down on its oil production. Such a tactic can frighten off possible investors in the industry. Furthermore. it can besides impact the monetary values of major stock markets in the universe. In the ultimate sense. the act of terrorist act can make a series of chained e vents that could decidedly ensue into a immense addition in oil monetary values. Determining the ultimate ground why oil monetary values increases or lessenings is non an easy undertaking. Other than the basic jurisprudence of supply and demand on a macroeconomic graduated table. there are a myriad of other factors that play together about nem con to act upon the monetary values of oil. For one thing. there is war. The presence of war generates a immense demand for oil from its culprits. As such. either monetary values or supply additions in order to take advantage of such an event. Another factor can be the issue of labour and migration. Labor work stoppages from oil bring forthing states can technically impact the production of oil ; therefore. impacting oil monetary values in general. Still. despite the elaboratenesss of understanding the oil market. a batch of bookmans and economic experts still continue to endeavor strongly in understanding it. As said many times. oil is imperative for every country’s economic growing and development. If so. so understanding the oil market is or can be equaled to understanding the hereafter of a state – and that is genuinely a invaluable ability. Cited Beginnings: Al Muhanna. Ibrahim ib Abdul Aziz. â€Å"Oil Price Hike: Reasons and Impacts. † September 2004Arab News( accessed 8 December 2007 ) from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. arabnews. com/ ? page=6 A ; section=0 A ; article=51086 A ; d=6 A ; m=9 A ; y=2004 Mufson. Steven. â€Å"Oil Price Causes Global Shift in Wealth: Iran. Russia and Venezuela Feel the Benefits. † November 2007Washington Post( accessed 8 December 2007 ) from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/09/AR2007110902573_pf. hypertext markup language Reuters. â€Å"FACTBOX: Why oil monetary values are at a record high. † August 2007Reuters( accessed 8 December 2007 ) from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. reuters. com/article/hotStocksNews/idUSL0135968820070801? pageNumber=4 A ; virtualBrandChannel=0 A ; sp=true BBC News. â€Å"What is driving oil monetary values so high? † November 2007BBC News( accessed 8 December 2007 ) from hypertext transfer protocol: //news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/7048600. short-term memory

Pro Athletes Salaries Essays - Employment Compensation,

Pro Athletes Salaries Here is an example of a Professional Athletes Salary. Kevin Garnett is a 21 year old Basketball player who had taken the A.C.T test three times in High School, failing all three times and had also taken the S.A.T Test once and failed. Kevin decided that he would not go to a collage even though he was the highly recruited #1 basketball player in the nation, and could have had a scholarship to any collage he wanted. So his decision took him to the NBA draft, where he was selected in the first round to the Minnesota Timberwolves.The Timberwolves signed him to a 6 year $125 Million dollar contract to play for them. (Tom Lenard-Opinion columist) Every year we hear of some new name, some new player in the sports news getting a new record contract which sets a much higher mark and blows away the high from the year before. So we ask who's fault is this that theses men and women are getting paid more and more? Most fingers point our way, the peoples way, the fans way. We are the ones that go to these sporting events pay $50 dollars for a ticket, pay a $100 dollars for a jacket, and $20 dollars for a cap of our favorite teams. We are the ones who support these teams and the players. The reason ticket prices keep going up is because money is needed to pay all of our great players. It doesn't help that they know that we will pay these ticket prices no matter how ridiculous they start charging. Michael Jordan makes 33 million a year plus another 40 million in endorsements. Just because our favorite Athlete wears this brand of underwear and our favorite Athlete eats this brand of a hot dog, should we? Should go out and pay these outrageous prices just for an ordinary product? Mr. Jordan makes $170 Thousand dollars a day!(ESPN.com no page) Considering our President of the United States of America only makes $250 Thousand dollars a year , whats does this tell you about our Country that we think that a person that play's a game for a living should be making more than the person that makes some major decisions concerning America? When players get paid this much it puts more pressure on them to perform. When players are not making so much, they are actually working for money , but when they sign a new Million-dollar contract ?Underachieving Millionaires? (Gary Horton-ESPN.com no page). A big payday is a good thing for the person and his family, but might not always be good for the locker room and the Organization writing the checks. When you see a million dollar Running Back and a hundred thousand dollar lead blocker you can see where the problems start.They players will start playing worse if they are unsatisfied with their current contract and the guy who plays with makes way more than you they start thinking about how much their worth. ?Professional Athletes are making too much money in a society that's salaries and wages are traditionally based on the values of ones work?(Jon Shepard-ESPN.com) Professional Athletes are constantly getting in trouble with the law.The players have all this money they are going to go out and spend it and have fun with it.You can turn to the Sports page and read about Rae Carrot a Wide Receiver for the Carolina Panthers in the NFL going to court for murdering his wife, Michael Irvin or Darryl Strawberry once again getting busted for possession of Cocaine and Marijuana or the crazed out lunatic Dennis Rodman kicking a cameraman in the groin.Whethar it's Drug violation or Sexual Assault, it seems that the money is making these players behave badly . If we pay these players millions of dollars to entertain us, then it would be great if the could stay out of jail long enough so that the us the fans can see them play, but most of them end up getting out of prison and found not guilty of the crime because of who they are how much they are worth and how powerful they are. Professional athletes are getting paid millions for just games that

Analytical Essay Sample on Gilgamesh and His Journey

Analytical Essay Sample on Gilgamesh and His Journey The Epic Gilgamesh chronicles the journey of a king. Gilgamesh is a king that flaunts his power and enviably shows his week side in most altercations. Gilgamesh has many trials, some he fails, and some he succeeds. Gilgamesh uses his faults and the help of the gods to fuel his desire to succeed as a human. Gilgameshs journey begins with the meeting of the monster that that a trapper spotted outside his city of Uruk. Its name is Enkidu; he is half man and half beast. This causes conflict in the beginning, but all is solved when the men realize their love for each other. They broke doorposts and the walls shook. He bent his knee with his foot planted on the ground and with a turn Enkidu was thrown. There is not another like you who is as strong as a wild ox now you are raised above all men, and Enlil has given you the kingship. So Enkidu and Gilgamesh embraced and their friendship was sealed. (69) Now that the men are allies they choose to work together. In a dream of Gilgamesh, Enlil of the mountain, declared the destiny of Gilgamesh. (70) He was so distraught because he had yet to make a name for himself. I will set up my name in the place where the names of famous men are written. He and Enkidu went to the forest where the monster Humbaba lived. There they began the search for the monster. Enkidu brought up the point that the forest is quite large and this monster is very mean. (71) Gilgamesh panics, he is worried about his name and what people will say about him. So they call on the God who owns the forest, Shamash. Gilgamesh sacrificed a goat to the god; Shamash accepts it and enables the men to find the monster. When the men finally find Humbaba they panic once again and Gilgamesh prays for help. Glorious Shamash heard his prayer and he summoned the great wind.(81) With the great help of Shamash Gilgamesh fell the monster Humbaba Gilgamesh gained the acclaim he wished for, but if not for the help other the God and Enkidu; Gilga mesh would not have made a name for himself. Gilgamesh cleans up after the kill and attacks the god Ishtar. She finds irresistible him so, she asks him to marry her. Come to me Gilgamesh, and be my bridegroom: grant me seed of your body So things as a couple go well, until Istar accuses Gilgamesh of insulting her. She complains to her father Anu, he doesnt give her what she wants, so she steals the guardian of the underworld, the Bull of Heaven. (87) She sics the Bull of heaven on Gilgamesh, but it ravishes the town of Uruk instead. So Gilgamesh kills it in the honor of the god Shamash. Than in turn angers his new love, the god Istar. Because they have killed the Bull of Heaven, and because they have killed Humbaba who guarded the Cedar Mountain one of the two must die. (89) Enkidu had a dream that this would happen. Oh my brother, such a dream I had last night. Anu, Enlil, Ea, and heavenly Shamash took council together (89). In resentment for his life, Enkidu denounced all that had helped him, even the god Shamash. After those remarks it was decided that Enkidu was the one to die. Gilgamesh was helpless. The gods he so relied on were taking his brother. Showing that the hand that feeds can take and it can give. Because I am afraid of death I will go as best I can to find Utnapishtim whom the gods took after the deluge; and the set him to live the garden of the sun; and to him alone of men they gave everlasting life. (97) Gilgamesh journeys for a great length of time. He reaches a garden of the gods, they tell him to go back, but he keeps going. Finally he is directed to the ferryman of Utnapishtim who takes Gilgamesh to Utnapistim. Upon arrival he introduces himself and immediately askes Utnapistim how he obtained everlasting life, Utnapistim replies that Gilgamesh will know soon enough. Utnapistim tells Gilgamesh of the great flood from which he escaped. Enlil punished or granted Utnapistim and his with wife with everlasting life. Gilgamesh still pushes Utnapistim for gives of immortality. He gives Gilgamesh a task, Gilgamesh is not to sleep for six days and seven nights and he well receive immorality. He fails. Utnapistim tries to send Gilgamesh home, but Gilgamesh will not let him. He gi ves Gilgamesh another task, There is plant that grows under water, it has a prickle like thorn, like a rose; it will wound your hands, but if you succeed in taking it, then your hands will hold that which restores his lost youth to a man. (116) He finds the flower, but he left it out and a serpent took it and shed its skin and became young. So Gilgamesh took Urshanabi, the ferryman back to Uruk. When they arrived, Gilgamesh asked Urshanabi to climb the city wall and gaze at all that Gilgamesh had created. All Gilgamesh wanted was to be with his friend Enkidu forever. He failed, but in doing so he saw the good he had done for his city. He had made a name there with his citizens and in engraving his story on stone. Gilgamesh was a man and a king with superhuman power. The underlying forces in his power were the gods. They helped him to succeed and they helped to him fail. He learned that though his soul goal was immortality, that he did not achieve, he could live and be proud of what he created in his own city. Gilgamesh did leave his mark, after five thousand years people still learn of the journey of the great Gilgamesh.

Environmental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Environmental - Essay Example trillion, Germany $3.383 trillion, Japan $5.88 trillion and United States $16.02 trillion are higher than that of the Arab World 2641.6819, constituting of twenty-two states (The World Factbook n.p). This is a clear indication that Arab world benefits less from the Middle East Oil. Additionally, comparison between the Palestine GDP (6.641) to Israel (254) shows that Israeli is on the lead. A countries GDP (official exchange rate) is determined by dividing the home-currency-denominated yearly GDP amount with the mutual standard of US $ exchange rate (The World Factbook n.p). This helps in determining the accurate value of output of a particular country. The Arab World’s GDP measure clearly shows that it enjoys less economic power from the Middle East Oil compared to other countries. The information obtained from the CIA World Factbook is credible in challenging stereotypes that many individuals and countries hold about the 22 Arab League members. The information clearly shows that the Arab World enjoys very little from the Middle East Oil while countries like United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States reaping more from the marketplace (The World Factbook n.p). This is because the Arab World enjoys less purchasing power at international marketplace and thus has little economic

Business strategy report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business strategy report - Essay Example This research report tends to demonstrate an in-depth analysis regarding the strategic approaches of RBS Group through critically assessing its range of banking and financial tactics. Moreover, the discussion of this report also incorporates strategy development process by recommending most effective business plans for RBS Group. In order to successfully apply the proposed business strategies, the study have also recommended effective implementation plan that would empower the competitive position of RBS Group and maintain its long-term sustainability in the fiercely growing global banking and financial services industry. Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Paper Objectives 4 2. Strategic Analysis 4 2.1 Industry Analysis 4 2.2 Profile of the Company 5 2.3 Stated Organisational Purpose 6 2.4 External and Internal Analysis 6 3. Strategy Development 7 3.1 Evaluation of RBS Group’s Strategy using Strategy Toolbox 7 3.1.1 External or Environment-Based Strategy 8 3.1.2 Resource ba sed Strategy 9 Strategic Business Units (SBUs) of RBS Group 10 3.2 Propose Strategies for the Next 5 Years at Corporate, Business Stream & Operational Levels: 10 3.2.1 Use of Strategic ‘Toolbox’ Widely 11 3.2.2 Identification of Strategic Options at the Business Stream/SBU Level 12 3.2.3 Using of Portfolio Methodologies for Evaluate and Rank SBU Level Strategies 15 3.2.4 Important Operational Level Strategies Critical to Successful Implementation 16 4. Strategy Implementation 17 4.1 Outline of the Plans for Implementing Strategies 18 4.2 Structuring Major Activities that are Needed in Strategy Impelmentation 19 5. Conclusion 21 References 23 1. Introduction and Paper Objectives Strategic decisions have long been identified to provide an extensive support to contemporary organisations in attaining goals and predetermined business objectives (Teece, 2010). Emphasising this concept, a strategic analysis of RBS with respect to its continuous accomplishment of goals and obje ctives encompassing different business units and branches across the globe, will be undertaken in this report. Moreover, the discussion would assist in developing adequate insights regarding the strategy development process of RBS and the competencies of the applied process to ensure that the organisation is able to cope with the growing competition in the banking and financial industry. The report would finally summarise with the discussion through appropriate theoretical evaluations and explanations in line with the strategic direction and strategic development process implemented by RBS. 2. Strategic Analysis 2.1 Industry Analysis In the past few years the banking and financial business industry had to experience radical oscillations due to the increasing challenges and hurdles. The industry had faced traumatic challenges due to the demise of few major investments and financial services providers from different regions across the globe (Deloitte Center for Financial Services, 201 3). Moreover, the changing trends in the financial markets and continuous investments associated with the strategic decisions have also been witnessed to significantly influence the organisational operations in the respective business industry (Pennington & Thornton, 2010). However, the long-term structural process of the emerging markets can be considered to provide adequate support to the banking and financial business industry to effectively deal with the devastating investment and financial markets (Deloitte Development LLC, 2006). Moreover, the banking

Production And Consumption Inseparability

Production And Consumption Inseparability Inseparability of production and consumption refers to the concepts of interaction and service encounter. The process of simultaneous production and consumption involves the presence of customers, the customers role as a co-producer, customer-employee and customer-customer interactions that makes it unique from a product (Shostack 1977). Researchers often refer to the customers as partial employees in a service setting. During co-production, customer involves himself in self-service (self check-in), using technology and machines offered by the service provider (airlines). 2.1 Service encounters During simultaneous production and consumption, it is the service encounters, that are the critical moments of truth in which customer often develops a perception/ attitude about the business (Bitner et al. 2000) and creates a differentiation from other competitors. In the airline industry, these service encounters are on which the organisation, either thrives or dies based on customers evaluation of their service. And the successful organisations take it a step further to enhance their core or essential features with extended or enhanced features. Service encounters can take place across a range from the traditional face-to-face (check-in, cabin crew), telephone (telephonic check in, booking tickets), and lastly through the internet (web check-in, booking tickets) and at every point the airline industry thrives to make it easier and comfortable (less time consuming) for the customer. A successful organisation is which that exceeds the customers expectations (enhancing features) and not just meeting their expectations (core features). But Harris et al. (2003) suggests that if the core features are not met by the airline industry, it is that leads to customer dissatisfaction. He also suggests that only 5% of the unhappy customers complain to the service providers, thus making it difficult for the service providers to address the issue. What intrigues even more is that the 95% of the customers, who do not complain, talk negatively about the service to their acquaintances. . However, when dissatisfied customers do complain and the problem is resolved to their satisfaction, they are very likely to return. The reasons for dissatisfaction may vary across long queues at check-in or booking counter, incompetent personnel, unsafe website and so on and so forth. Bitner et al. (2000) suggests that in the airline industry core factors vary from friendliness of the staff, knowledge about the service, efficiency, and quality service, sanitary and safe environment. But to create differentiation from their competitors these organisations, provide added or enhancing factors and those include concierge service, reservations, seating by host, lounge/ hotel facilities for delayed flights and so on and so forth. Today in the airline industry, companies do offer most of these features but it is noted that the cost increases for a more pleasurable experience. For example, an Air India flight provides cheaper flights just barely meeting the core features, but Emirates for the same route provides expensive flights with a varied extended factors. What companies like Air India could do to provide a better experience would be to remove/ reduce the unsatisfactory experience (upgrading a customer, complimentary meal in case of delayed flights, trained personnel to deal with unhappy customers). 2.2 Shostacks Models Based on Shostacks Continuum, the package tours (Flights+ Hotels) offered by most airlines, form the intangible end, even though there are tangible ends to be considered. Shostack (1977) suggested that there is no element known as a pure service and that there is always a continuum between the tangible dominant goods and intangible dominant services. The airline industry, the tangible elements include the interiors of the flight, food, seat and also the overall graphic continuity from buying tickets to the attendants uniforms (Shostack 1977). Even though the airline industry is intangible dominant, different market segments require different elements to make it an experience for them. Say for example in the case of Virgin airlines they have three tailored traveling experience for three different markets. In the case of students/ backpackers or during bad economic conditions, it is elements such that reaching from one destination to the other or a no frills flight would be of emphasis on the nuclear core (cheap flights+hostels, bed and breakfast) In the case of business travelers, it would be schedule frequency along with comfort would be most important (a comfortable travel+ hotel with internet, office facilities). Lastly for tourists (with families), it would be unison of in-flight and post-flight services (hotels) that would be of paramount importance (Comfortable flight-but not too expensive+hotel near a tourist destination) But in the case of tangible elements the various markets demand differently. For example, for flights like Air Asia, which offers low cost air travel, the travelers are not provided certain tangible elements such as food and drink in-flight. But these airlines just cater to travelers who wish to travel on a limited budget. So the challenge for other firms is to create an experience for each market, so that it would form an experience for each of them as each of their needs differ from another. The challenge is to understand how consumers perceive a certain service and what as a firm they should do to manage and meet the expectations (Lovelock and Gummesson, 2004). Shostack (1977) defined a model that was termed as total market entity where she argues that a change in one element may change the entity on a whole or partial basis. Say for example in an air travel there, it is a unison of both tangible as well as intangible factors. And some tangible factors just act as service elements/evidence. 1. Peripheral evidence: this refers to a tangible factor, which no or little value if it exists on its own. It is part of the service or is required to experience a service. For example a flight ticket, does not mean anything on its own, but is essential for completion of a service. 2. Essential evidence: Consumers do not own these and can exist on its own as its highly dominant in its impact on a service purchase. An example of an essential element provided by Shostack is the DC-10 aircraft, which was involved in a few crashes in the 1970s. But even though all the issues were resolved, US refused to fly in a DC-10 aircraft that eventually led to scrapping them off completely. This model however does not show how a service functions and this is explained using another model by Shostack-Service Blueprinting. It has been developed to deal with processed, acts and flows and in (fig 4), a blueprint for airline travel has been presented under how airlines try to reduce variability 2.3 Service experience Every time a customer is interacting or having a service encounter, a service experience is taking place and because simultaneous production and consumption takes place, the customer mostly experiences the service in the firms physical surroundings (Groove and Risk, 2001). In some cases the level of involvements between the customer and the employees of the organisation is high and in some cases very low and some with no involvement at all. And the nature of physical environment depends on the nature of service as well as service experience. What the firms aim to do is make profit while creating a satisfactory or unique service experience. What determines an experience is also the nature of the physical space. For a high involvement case, (for example, self check-in, lounge services, website) customer satisfaction can be enhanced, by creative use of physical design (Bitner 1992). In the second case, where the employees play a major role, and where customers have less or no contact (cock-pit, cargo personnel) with the service personnel, the physical environment should be to motivate, satisfy the employees, as no or few customers will experience that. In the last case, where there both customers and employees interact in the same environment at the same level (counter check-in), the servicescape is the most complex as it needs to appeal to the customers but at the same time be efficiently motivating the employees (for example, at a check-in the counter needs to look clean and efficient to the customers, but also comfortable for the employee-nice seats, environment). Thus the environment should be neutral to appeal to bot h customers and employees. Other than the physical environment, it is the customer to whom the service is delivered is what is important. Like mentioned earlier, different customer have different needs and it varies based on their gender, age, social status and so on and so forth. For example, a customers needs travelling on business class will vary from that from one travelling in economy class and the service provider needs to meet each of their needs. What normally happens in the airline industry is that the customer travelling on business class is more looked after than the economy class traveller. This would mean that it creates a negative service experience for the traveller. 2.4 Service Quality Service experience is defined by the quality of service provided by the airlines. Based on this service quality, a conceptual model by (Parasuraman et.al 1988), defines the gap between what the customers expect and what is provided. From this model, it can suggested that to create a better service encounter for the customers: Gap1 This represents the void between the perceptions and expectations between the marketer and the consumer. The key is to understand what the customer expects rather than forming a perception of what they might want. Parasuraman et al. (1988) suggests that this void can be filled if sufficient market research is done prior to offering the service. For example, if an airline firm is to find out what a particular target market is looking for, before offering enhanced factors. Gap 2 This refers to the void between what the company perceives and the service quality specifications. For example, low-budget flights like Air Asia advertise that they provide in-flight entertainment, but the quality is limited (all passengers view the same programme on a single television set) Gap 3 This is the void between quality specification and service delivery. For example in the case of few Asian airline companies, the quality of service provided would be accepted by the home nation. But outside the home nation, the quality specification may not be on par with what the customers expect. For example, in India, Kingfisher airlines claims to provide world class travel experience to its customers. Even though the service provided is perceived to be on par with top airlines in India, the quality of service offered is nowhere close to airlines such as Singapore Airlines, Thai Airways etc. Gap 4 This relates to the void between the standard of quality promised and the service delivered. Thai airways has positioned itself has an airline that brings together quality as well as hospitability (Travel with the Thai touch, Smooth as Silk). But what raised issues and led to negative publicity was when their personnel were found to be rude to passengers. This led to a completely contradicting image of what they claim to be to what is delivered. 2.5 Differentiation To create a differentiation from their competitors, airline firms use the Porters Generic Strategy Model (1980): Cost Differentiation Cost Leadership (No Frills) Rynair, EasyJet, AirAsia Differentiation (Premium price for superior quality) Singapore Airlines, Emirates Cost Focus (Differentiation only for a particular target group) Kingfisher Red-low cost Business travel Differentiation Focus (Premium price for superior quality for a small target group) Concorde flights used by BA, Air France A380 flights-Singapore airlines, Qantas, Air France Scope Narrow Broad Fig 1: Porters Generic Model for the airline industry Airlines Pursuing cost leadership strategy Airlines pursuing an integrated strategy (some stuck in between) Airlines unable to achieve either a cost leadership or differentiation strategy Airlines pursuing a differentiation strategy High Fares Low Fares Low Service Level High Service Level Fig 2: Airlines Realized Business strategies (adapted from Dostaler, Flouris 2004) Using Fig 1 and fig 2, Porters Generic strategy can be explained as: Cost Leadership Cost leadership refers to gaining competitive advantage and giving your company an edge over the others. This can be attained in two ways: Firstly increasing profits by reducing costs. Secondly increasing market share by charging low prices. Airlines such as Air Asian, Rynair have chose to cut costs to a minimum, thus enabling to charge the customers low prices. This tactic helped them gain market share, and also have all their flights fully booked, which leads to further reduction in cost. But where they did compromise in on the in-flight and other services. For example, these airlines do not even provide water in the flight; one is expected to buy them, free seating etc helps them price their tickets low. Smaller airlines even provide just few routes at cheaper prices than their international rivals. But the risk if when competitors follow suit and hence firms should look for means to continuously reduce costs. Differentiation Strategy This involves making ones service different and more unique. This could be achieved by airlines in terms of their airplane types, costs, brand image etc. Singapore Airlines, Emirates have portrayed this image of making travel an experience with their superior quality. But as Porter (1980) argues that for a company using differentiation strategy, they would incur additional costs for research, development, innovation as well as advertising, which are normally recovered from the customers. Focus Strategy Airlines using focus strategy focus on a niche market and this could be a unique low cost airline for a target group or high-end price for another target group. For example, the A380 airplanes used by Singapore Airlines and Emirates charge a premium price of  £3600 for Business Class travel on Emirates from Heathrow to Dubai. So this is for the target group who like to travel with a lap of luxury with pool tables, spas, Internet, lounge area etc during their flight of less than 7 hours. There is very less competition in markets where focus strategies are used. But the risk is when the niche will disappear and when the business and customer preferences change over time. 2.6 VARIABILITY OF SERVICES One other feature of services marketing is its heterogynous nature and organisations strive to reduce the variability that would lead to building a strong brand. The aim is to communicate a persistent image and message to its customers at different places and different times. Service Variability can take place in different ways. Variations in external Conditions -weather, crowding and differences in service locations Variations in service delivery- customer interactions with employees Variations in customer perception-customers perception of a service may differ from place to place and with time too The figure below shows the causes and consequences of service variability in any organisation. High Level of perceived risk for buyers Difficulty in presenting an image of consistent quality Difficulty in developing strong brands Services are produced live Often leads to no chance to correct mistakes before consumption Often reliant on imperfect human inputs May be difficult to blueprint the service Variability of Service Fig 3 : Cause and Consequences of Service Variability The issue of variability leads to difficulty in attaining a uniform output especially in services that require a lot of human interaction. Say for example, we still have not developed technology to eliminate the need of humans completely. Airlines do not use robots to replace the human cabin crews as one human interaction is essential and secondly some technologies are too expensive to adopt suggest that behavior varies not only amongst different employees but also amongst the same employee on different days and with different customers (Lovelock 1983). And even though scripting and blueprinting is used to reduce variability, it still has its demerits. To provide a good service as well create an experience for the customer and to ensure reduced service variability, the airlines use the following techniques: 1. Employee Training As employees are part of any service provided, most airline firms have a rigorous selection and training process. For example, Singapore Airlines hires staff who fit in with the Singapore Girl image and portray the same values as the firm does. Firms who invest a lot in selection and training process mostly offer higher quality service than others. Air India does not provide constant training to its staff and hence issues arise when the staffs do not communicate a coherent message. Staff hired should be able to empathise with the customers as well as trained to deal with different types of unsatisfied customers. Also it is taken care to see that the staff matches the cultural differences of the country they are based in. 2. Scripting Most airlines have pre-determined scripts for each type of service encounter, which consists of either verbal responses or series of actions. The usage of verbal scripts is common while booking a ticket or enquiring about a service. Like for example, when a customer calls a call centre for a query, they normally have a script, which goes by: Good morning, Thank you for calling Malaysian Airlines. My name is Ben and how may I help you? Similarly a scripted message is used after a call or as an apology. In the case of scripted actions, it would how all cabin crews, follow the same actions once passengers are in the flight. All messages and actions are scripted so as to ensure a coherent image, message as well to ensure that the information is communicated at all times. But this has its limitations in terms of how at times personnel feel restricted from offering superior service based on their judgement. 3. Blueprinting Shostack (1982) suggested that blueprinting allows quantitative description of critical service elements, such as logical sequences of actions and processes, time that happen at a place of service delivery. It also defines actions for the place of interaction (front-line) as well for events taking place beyond the line of visibility. (Zeithaml, Bitner et al. 2006) define service blueprinting as a tool for simultaneously depicting the service process, the points of customer contact, and the evidence of the service from the customers point of view. With this description, the authors emphasise the different systemic layers overlapping in a service, from the layer of customer interaction and physical evidence to the layer of internal interaction within the service production process. The figure 4 below shows a service blueprinting for an air travel. Fig 4: Blueprinting for Air Travel Airport exterior Parking Baggage claim Seats Gift shops. Toilets Terminal Food/beverage Magazines Airplane Seats Gift shops. Toilets Terminal X-ray machine Metal detector Conveyor belt Computer/ credit card Desk Ticket Terminal Airport exterior Parking Online/ website Mechanic Check plane Metal detector Conveyor belt Conveyor belt Remove bags Pilot Serve customer Greet customer Send off customer Load bags on plane Check Passenger Greet take bags Registration Leave airport Pick up luggage Immigration Exit plane Fly Board plane Check in Wait at gate Security check Arrive at airport Reservation Support Process Contact Person Backstage Onstage Customer Physical Evidence 4. Quality Audits This is done to monitor the consistent quality provided by the airlines. Ground service analysis covers ticketing, check-in, security, lounges, boarding, departures, transfer, arrivals, and corporate branding. Onboard service analysis is a detailed and complex Qualitative evaluation of all product and service delivery elements core product standards, service efficiency and critical factors of staff service delivery. IATA carries out frequent safety audits. 5. Quality Awards Airlines often advertise the awards they have received for their superior quality. These awards are recognized worldwide and ensure that these airlines provide world-class travel experience for their travelers. For example, in 2009, Singapore Airlines was awarded the Airline of the Year award for its superior quality and safety. These information may not be too relevant for the customers, it just adds enough publicity to make consumers realize how one offers superior service than another thus prompting them to try these airlines on their next travel. 6. Service Recovery However thorough an airline is on its quality and service provided, there would still be occasional glitches. And a feature of any service is its heterogeneous nature, where each service encounter is different from another one. Berry (1995) argues that companies do not empower front line employees to solve problems immediately. A service failure does not automatically lead to a lost customer. But once an issue is identified, if it is dealt with promptly and the right actions are taken to ensure that the customer is satisfied, then it mostly would not lead to a lost customer. But in case of a major issue, the customer might seek financial compensation. 7. Customer Retention Parasuraman et al. (1985) suggests that even though there is a positive relationship between service quality and customer loyalty, above a certain level, additional improvements in quality do not have further impact on customer retention as there is no point in increasing quality costs if it cannot be passed down to the customers. The variability of services poses a high threat when it comes to brand building, but since humans are an integral part and cannot be eliminated completely, steps are taken to provide better training, motivate and encourage employees as they all form part of the service encounter. As Lovelock and Gummesson (2004) suggests that performance is less variable when machine-intensive technologies are used. So as to reduce the consequences of service variability, airline industries have adopted the use of technology so as to reduce if not eliminate the factor of human error. These include: Use of computerised system instead of telephone operators. Use of self-check in Kiosks at airports, mobile check-in (SSTs-Self Service Terminals) Using website to book or amend tickets. The other dimension of variability is the extent to which a service can be altered to meet the demand of individual customers. Services that are manufactured for a large number of customers are difficult to be customised like in the case of air travel, but can be customised in particular areas. For Example scheduled airline service is highly standardized in design but offers modules for customizing specific elements, such as alternative schedules; service to or from different airports in the same metropolitan area; different classes and prices; seat location; and a selection of drinks, food, and other amenities. But with the evolution of technology, industries especially the airlines are adopting technology as far as possible as with rising competition there is no room for error. But not using humans at all is impossible. So as Jim Collins said: people are your most important asset is wrong. The right people are your most important asset. REFERNCES Berry, Leonard L. (1983), Relationship Marketing, in L.L. Berry, G.L. Shostack, and G.D. Upah Emerging Perspectives on Services Marketing. Chicago: American Marketing Association, pp. 25-28. Bitner, M. J. (1992), Servicescapes: The impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees Journal of Marketing. Vol. 56, pp. 57-71. Bitner, M., Brown, S.W., and Meuter, M. L. (2000). Technology Infusion in Service Encounters Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. Vol. 28, No.1, pp. 138-149. Dostaler, I. and Floris, T. (2004). Business Strategy and Competition for the Future in the Airline Industry. Airline Magazine. No. 28, pp. 1-4. Harris, K.J., Bojanic, D., and Cannon, D. (2003). Service Encounters and Service Bias: A Preliminary Investigation Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 272-290. Groove, S and Risk, R. (2001), Service theatre: An analytical framework for services marketing in Lovelock and Writz (2004) pp. 78-87. Lovelock. C (1983) Classifying Services to Gain Strategic Marketing Insights, Journal of Marketing, Vol.47, pp. 9-20. Lovelock, C. and Wirtz, W. (2004), Services Marketing, People, Technology, Strategy, USA, Pearson Prentice Hall Lovelock, C., and Gummesson, E., (2004). Wither Services Marketing? In Search of a New Paradigm and Fresh Perspectives. Journal of Services Research. Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 20-44. Parasuraman, A., Valarie A. Z., and Leonard L. B. (1985), A Conceptual Model of Service Quality and Its Implications for Future Research, Journal of Marketing,Vol. 49, pp. 41-50. Parasuraman. A, Zeithaml. V., and Berry. L. (1988), SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality. Journal of Retailing. Vol. 64, No.1, pp. 12-40. Porter, M.E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, New York, NY: Free Press. Shostack, G.L (1977). Breaking free from Product Marketing Journal of Marketing. Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 73-80. Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J. (2006). Services Marketing : Integrating Customer Focus across the Firm. Boston, McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Promoting Communal Harmony

Promoting Communal Harmony Promoting Communal Harmony In our country people belonging to various religions live in harmony, but there are occasions when the communal fabric gets disturbed, often on trivial issues. It is the responsibility of all sections of society to ensure peace and brotherhood so that all round development of the country takes places rapidly. The police have a great role to play in promotion of communal harmony and national integration. They come in contact with the general public in the process of performing their duties far more frequently then most other bodies of civil servants of the Government.In such a situation, interaction with vision, understanding, tact, compassion and humour by the police will not only raise the public esteem of the police but will also lead to a healthy police-public relationship, and secure the desired measures of public involvement and cooperation in promotion of communal harmony. Keeping this in mind, the National Foundation for Co mmunal Harmony (NFCH) has been organizing seminars with the aim of effective sensitization of the police officers so that they become the torchbearers of communal harmony and national integration in their day to day functioning.The first such seminar was held at Haryana Police Academy, Madhuban, in August 2007 and the second one in Mumbai in October 2007. The Foundation, which is working silently for promotion of communal harmony, has also supplied reading materials on the role of police in promotion of communal harmony and national integration, constitutional and statutory provisions relating to communal harmony. These seminars have been quite successful in spreading the message of communal harmony and national integration amongst the police officers.The Foundation is an autonomous organization registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. It functions under the aegis of the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Union Home Minister is the Chairman of the Governing Council. The principal objectives of the Foundation is to foster communal harmony, fraternity and national integration in general, and facilitate physical and psychological rehabilitation of the child victims of caste, communal, ethnic or terrorist violence, in particular.The NFCH undertakes and assists state governments, local administration, non-governmental organizations, universities, colleges and schools, social activists, scholars, researchers and students in undertaking activities and programmes aimed at promoting harmony at local, state and national levels. Though there have been some incidents of communal violence in certain States, there has been no major communal riot in any part of the country in 2007. Proactive role of the Central and State Governments prevented escalation of communal violence at Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh and Indore in Madhya Pradesh last year.All states are advised to keep a close watch on the situation with communal overtones and take early steps to prevent any flare up. Over the last five years the incidents of communal violence have gradually come down. The decline is attributed to the Centre closely monitoring the situation and keeping a strict vigil on the activities of individuals and organizations to ensure that the situation remains under control. The activities of all organizations having a bearing on maintenance of communal harmony in the country are under constant watch of the law enforcing agencies.The Communal Violence (Prevention, Control and Rehabilitation of Victims) Bill 2005 has been introduced in the Rajya Sabha. The Bill has been referred to the Department Related Standing Committee of Home Affairs. The report of the Standing Committee, on the basis of suggestions made by several individuals and organizations with regard to the Bill, has been received. The report and various suggestions received are being examined in the Ministry in consultation with the Ministry of Law and Justice and others for further nece ssary action.The Good Samaritan Playing the role of a Good Samaritan, the NFCH provides financial assistance to children who are orphaned or become destitute in caste, communal, ethic and terrorists violence for their care and education. Assistance is provided at the rate of Rs. 9,600 per annum per child in ‘A’ and ‘B’ class cities and Rs. 9,000 per annum per child at other places without any restriction on the number of children in a family. Additional assistance at the rate of Rs. 1,800 per annum per child is extended for undergoing vocational training.Children in the age group of 0-18 years (extended to 21 years in appropriate cases) whose families are below poverty line (Rs. 31,600 in urban areas and Rs. 22,400 in rural areas per family per annum) are eligible under the assistance provided they pursue their study after the age of five. Assistance is sanctioned for 12 months at a time coinciding with the academic session of the child and is renewed on ye ar-to-year basis. The Foundation aims at providing assistance to every single eligible child victim of violence so that such children, after receiving proper education become responsible and productive citizens.The Foundation has stepped up its liaison with State Governments for ensuring assistance to every eligible child, both in the categories of fresh cases and renewal cases. The NFCH has to necessarily depend on States and particularly District administrations for identification of orphaned or destitute children and for submission of their applications along with necessary documents. Every year awards are given by the Foundation to individual and an institution for their outstanding contribution to the cause of communal harmony and national integration.Instituted in 1997, the award has acquired an aura of its own. The Foundation is striving for greater publicity for the awards so as to ensure that cases of as many deserving cases as possible are placed before the jury for select ion. Aimed at creating awareness about communal harmony and national integration, the Foundation extends assistance to state administrations and non-governmental organizations for holding debates, seminars, workshop, painting, poster, slogan or essay writing competition, musical and cultural programmes, kavi sammelans and mushairas.The Foundation is striving to encourage and support as many organizations as possible to take up, on a significant scale activities related to promotion of communal harmony and national integration. The Foundation extends financial assistance to state/union territory administrations for organizing inter-community ‘milans’ (get together) on important festivals like Eid, Deepawali and Christmas subject to certain monetary ceiling. ‘Sadbhavana clubs’ have been established in educational institutions to sensitize students and motivate them to work for promoting communal harmony and national integration.The clubs aim at inculcating so cial values like fraternity, love and peace among the young generation. They strengthen bonds of unity and affinity and promote belief in the principles of non-violence in the society. The Foundation associates itself with important inter-community festivals like â€Å"Phool-Walon-Ki-Sair† in Delhi, and â€Å"Nauchandi† festival in Meerut and â€Å"Deva Mela† in Barabanki, both in Uttar Pradesh, to promote better understanding among various communities. Communal Harmony Campaign Since its inception in 1992, the Foundation has been taking active part in communal harmony campaign and has extended financial assistance of over Rs. 6 crore for rehabilitation of 8,849 children up to December 31, 2006. It also assists non-governmental organizations under the project â€Å"Cooperation† and grants fellowships for undertaking research in field situation in the communally sensitive districts. The Union Home Ministry on its part gives â€Å"Kabir Puraskar† nat ional award to those promoting communal harmony by showing physical and moral courage while saving the lives and property of members of another community during communal riots, caste conflicts or ethnic clashes.While â€Å"Sankalp Divas† is observed on October 31 every year, â€Å"Qaumi Ekta Week† is observed from November 19 to 25. The Home Ministry also encourages voluntary organizations to undertake activities for the cause of national integration and communal harmony through cultural shows, essay and painting competitions, inter-regional camps and exhibitions. It is the cumulative result of all these efforts that a sense of communal harmony prevails in the country by and large as is reflected in the Home Ministry statistics